In recent years, as Cuba grapples with economic turmoil and a migration crisis, Brazil has emerged as a favored destination for thousands of Cuban migrants seeking better economic and social prospects outside their homeland. From the beginning of the year through November, over 19,700 Cubans have arrived in Brazil, according to data from DataMigra and the International Migration Observatory, as reported by Folha de São Paulo.
The majority are seeking asylum, with this figure significantly surpassing those from a decade ago, illustrating a marked shift in regional migration patterns. Specifically, between January and November 2024, 19,100 Cubans applied for asylum in Brazil, surpassing figures from previous years. In 2023, there were 13,100 Cuban migrants; in 2022, the number was 7,600; and during the Más Médicos program in 2013, 5,200 were recorded.
November 2024 set a record with 2,700 asylum applications, outnumbering Venezuelans, who traditionally lead these statistics, with 2,200 applications in the same timeframe. The primary migration route for Cubans involves entering Brazil through the border states of Amapá and Roraima, coming from Suriname and Guyana. This journey is arduous, with many traveling by land and sea from Suriname, crossing through French Guiana before reaching Brazil.
Upon arrival in the South American giant, asylum seekers receive a temporary protocol allowing them to work and access public healthcare while their cases are reviewed—a process that can take years. The influx of migrants has bolstered labor sectors and enriched the country's cultural diversity. However, while Brazil is seen as a welcoming nation with job opportunities, especially in the informal sector, some migrants view it as a stepping stone to other destinations like Uruguay, Chile, or even the United States.
A young Cuban woman living in Brazil recently shared on TikTok that, although one can legalize their status and access rights similar to Brazilian citizens, success largely hinges on personal effort and cultural adaptation. The Portuguese language can be a barrier that some find insurmountable.
It's also noteworthy that in August 2024, the Brazilian government imposed restrictions on the entry of migrants without visas to curb fraud in political asylum applications. This measure impacts migrants using Brazil as a transit country to other destinations, now requiring proof of persecution in their homeland for entry authorization.
Migratory Trends and Challenges for Cuban Asylum Seekers in Brazil
Why has Brazil become a popular destination for Cuban migrants?
Brazil offers economic and social opportunities that attract Cuban migrants seeking to escape the economic and political challenges in Cuba. The ability to work and access healthcare while awaiting asylum decisions adds to its appeal.
What are the main challenges Cuban migrants face in Brazil?
Cuban migrants often face challenges such as language barriers, cultural adaptation, and legal hurdles in obtaining asylum. The requirement to demonstrate persecution for entry adds another layer of complexity.
What impact do Cuban migrants have on Brazil?
Cuban migrants contribute to the strengthening of labor sectors and enhance Brazil's cultural diversity, although the influx also presents challenges in terms of integration and resource allocation.